Cracking Stuxnet - A 21st-century cyber weapon against Iran - Ralph Langner - English
When first discovered in 2010, the Stuxnet computer worm posed a baffling puzzle. Beyond its unusually high level of sophistication loomed a more troubling mystery: its purpose. Ralph Langner and...
When first discovered in 2010, the Stuxnet computer worm posed a baffling puzzle. Beyond its unusually high level of sophistication loomed a more troubling mystery: its purpose. Ralph Langner and team helped crack the code that revealed this digital warhead's final target -- and its covert origins. In a fascinating look inside cyber-forensics, he explains how.
The idea behind the Stuxnet computer worm is actually quite simple. We don't want Iran to get the Bomb. Their major asset for developing nuclear weapons is the Natanz uranium enrichment facility. The gray boxes that you see, these are real-time control systems. Now if we manage to compromise these systems that control drive speeds and valves, we can actually cause a lot of problems with the centrifuge. The gray boxes don't run Windows software; they are a completely different technology. But if we manage to place a good Windows virus on a notebook that is used by a maintenance engineer to configure this gray box, then we are in business. And this is the plot behind Stuxnet.
So we start with a Windows dropper. The payload goes onto the gray box, damages the centrifuge, and the Iranian nuclear program is delayed -- mission accomplished. That's easy, huh? I want to tell you how we found that out. When we started our research on Stuxnet six months ago, it was completely unknown what the purpose of this thing was. The only thing that was known is very, very complex on the Windows part, the dropper part, used multiple zero-day vulnerabilities. And it seemed to want to do something with these gray boxes, these real-time control systems. So that got our attention, and we started a lab project where we infected our environment with Stuxnet and checked this thing out. And then some very funny things happened. Stuxnet behaved like a lab rat that didn't like our cheese -- sniffed, but didn't want to eat. Didn't make sense to me. And after we experimented with different flavors of cheese, I realized, well, this is a directed attack. It's completely directed. The dropper is prowling actively on the gray box if a specific configuration is found, and even if the actual program that it's trying to infect is actually running on that target. And if not, Stuxnet does nothing.
So that really got my attention, and we started to work on this nearly around the clock, because I thought, well, we don't know what the target is. It could be, let's say for example, a U.S. power plant, or a chemical plant in Germany. So we better find out what the target is soon. So we extracted and decompiled the attack code, and we discovered that it's structured in two digital bombs -- a smaller one and a bigger one. And we also saw that they are very professionally engineered by people who obviously had all insider information. They knew all the bits and bites that they had to attack. They probably even know the shoe size of the operator. So they know everything.
And if you have heard that the dropper of Stuxnet is complex and high-tech, let me tell you this: the payload is rocket science. It's way above everything that we have ever seen before. Here you see a sample of this actual attack code. We are talking about -- round about 15,000 lines of code. Looks pretty much like old-style assembly language. And I want to tell you how we were able to make sense out of this code. So what we were looking for is first of all is system function calls, because we know what they do.
And then we were looking for timers and data structures and trying to relate them to the real world -- to potential real world targets. So we do need target theories that we can prove or disprove. In order to get target theories, we remember that it's definitely hardcore sabotage, it must be a high-value target, and it is most likely located in Iran, because that's where most of the infections had been reported. Now you don't find several thousand targets in that area. It basically boils down to the Bushehr nuclear power plant and to the Natanz fuel enrichment plant.
So I told my assistant, "Get me a list of all centrifuge and power plant experts from our client base." And I phoned them up and picked their brain in an effort to match their expertise with what we found in code and data. And that worked pretty well. So we were able to associate the small digital warhead with the rotor control. The rotor is that moving part within the centrifuge, that black object that you see. And if you manipulate the speed of this rotor, you are actually able to crack the rotor and eventually even have the centrifuge explode. What we also saw is that the goal of the attack was really to do it slowly and creepy -- obviously in an effort to drive maintenance engineers crazy, that they would not be able to figure this out quickly.
The big digital warhead -- we had a shot at this by looking very closely at data and data structures. So for example, the number 164 really stands out in that code; you can't overlook it. I started to research scientific literature on how these centrifuges are actually built in Natanz and found they are structured in what is called a cascade, and each cascade holds 164 centrifuges. So that made sense, it was a match.
And it even got better. These centrifuges in Iran are subdivided into 15, what is called, stages. And guess what we found in the attack code? An almost identical structure. So again, that was a real good match. And this gave us very high confidence for what we were looking at. Now don't get me wrong here, it didn't go like this. These results have been obtained over several weeks of really hard labor. And we often went into just a dead-end and had to recover.
Anyway, so we figured out that both digital warheads were actually aiming at one and the same target, but from different angles. The small warhead is taking one cascade, and spinning up the rotors and slowing them down, and the big warhead is talking to six cascades and manipulating valves. So in all, we are very confident that we have actually determined what the target is. It is Natanz, and it is only Natanz. So we don't have to worry that other targets might be hit by Stuxnet.
Here's some very cool stuff that we saw -- really knocked my socks off. Down there is the gray box, and on the top you see the centrifuges. Now what this thing does is it intercepts the input values from sensors -- so for example, from pressure sensors and vibration sensors -- and it provides legitimate code, which is still running during the attack, with fake input data. And as a matter of fact, this fake input data is actually prerecorded by Stuxnet. So it's just like from the Hollywood movies where during the heist, the observation camera is fed with prerecorded video. That's cool, huh?
The idea here is obviously not only to fool the operators in the control room. It actually is much more dangerous and aggressive. The idea is to circumvent a digital safety system. We need digital safety systems where a human operator could not act quick enough. So for example, in a power plant, when your big steam turbine gets too over speed, you must open relief valves within a millisecond. Obviously, this cannot be done by a human operator. So this is where we need digital safety systems. And when they are compromised, then real bad things can happen. Your plant can blow up. And neither your operators nor your safety system will notice it. That's scary.
But it gets worse. And this is very important, what I'm going to say. Think about this. This attack is generic. It doesn't have anything to do, in specifics, with centrifuges, with uranium enrichment. So it would work as well, for example, in a power plant or in an automobile factory. It is generic. And you don't have -- as an attacker -- you don't have to deliver this payload by a USB stick, as we saw it in the case of Stuxnet. You could also use conventional worm technology for spreading. Just spread it as wide as possible. And if you do that, what you end up with is a cyber weapon of mass destruction. That's the consequence that we have to face. So unfortunately, the biggest number of targets for such attacks are not in the Middle East. They're in the United States and Europe and in Japan. So all of the green areas, these are your target-rich environments. We have to face the consequences, and we better start to prepare right now.
Thanks.
(Applause)
Chris Anderson: I've got a question. Ralph, it's been quite widely reported that people assume that Mossad is the main entity behind this. Is that your opinion?
Ralph Langner: Okay, you really want to hear that? Yeah. Okay. My opinion is that the Mossad is involved, but that the leading force is not Israel. So the leading force behind that is the cyber superpower. There is only one, and that's the United States -- fortunately, fortunately. Because otherwise, our problems would even be bigger.
CA: Thank you for scaring the living daylights out of us. Thank you Ralph.
(Applause)
More...
Description:
When first discovered in 2010, the Stuxnet computer worm posed a baffling puzzle. Beyond its unusually high level of sophistication loomed a more troubling mystery: its purpose. Ralph Langner and team helped crack the code that revealed this digital warhead's final target -- and its covert origins. In a fascinating look inside cyber-forensics, he explains how.
The idea behind the Stuxnet computer worm is actually quite simple. We don't want Iran to get the Bomb. Their major asset for developing nuclear weapons is the Natanz uranium enrichment facility. The gray boxes that you see, these are real-time control systems. Now if we manage to compromise these systems that control drive speeds and valves, we can actually cause a lot of problems with the centrifuge. The gray boxes don't run Windows software; they are a completely different technology. But if we manage to place a good Windows virus on a notebook that is used by a maintenance engineer to configure this gray box, then we are in business. And this is the plot behind Stuxnet.
So we start with a Windows dropper. The payload goes onto the gray box, damages the centrifuge, and the Iranian nuclear program is delayed -- mission accomplished. That's easy, huh? I want to tell you how we found that out. When we started our research on Stuxnet six months ago, it was completely unknown what the purpose of this thing was. The only thing that was known is very, very complex on the Windows part, the dropper part, used multiple zero-day vulnerabilities. And it seemed to want to do something with these gray boxes, these real-time control systems. So that got our attention, and we started a lab project where we infected our environment with Stuxnet and checked this thing out. And then some very funny things happened. Stuxnet behaved like a lab rat that didn't like our cheese -- sniffed, but didn't want to eat. Didn't make sense to me. And after we experimented with different flavors of cheese, I realized, well, this is a directed attack. It's completely directed. The dropper is prowling actively on the gray box if a specific configuration is found, and even if the actual program that it's trying to infect is actually running on that target. And if not, Stuxnet does nothing.
So that really got my attention, and we started to work on this nearly around the clock, because I thought, well, we don't know what the target is. It could be, let's say for example, a U.S. power plant, or a chemical plant in Germany. So we better find out what the target is soon. So we extracted and decompiled the attack code, and we discovered that it's structured in two digital bombs -- a smaller one and a bigger one. And we also saw that they are very professionally engineered by people who obviously had all insider information. They knew all the bits and bites that they had to attack. They probably even know the shoe size of the operator. So they know everything.
And if you have heard that the dropper of Stuxnet is complex and high-tech, let me tell you this: the payload is rocket science. It's way above everything that we have ever seen before. Here you see a sample of this actual attack code. We are talking about -- round about 15,000 lines of code. Looks pretty much like old-style assembly language. And I want to tell you how we were able to make sense out of this code. So what we were looking for is first of all is system function calls, because we know what they do.
And then we were looking for timers and data structures and trying to relate them to the real world -- to potential real world targets. So we do need target theories that we can prove or disprove. In order to get target theories, we remember that it's definitely hardcore sabotage, it must be a high-value target, and it is most likely located in Iran, because that's where most of the infections had been reported. Now you don't find several thousand targets in that area. It basically boils down to the Bushehr nuclear power plant and to the Natanz fuel enrichment plant.
So I told my assistant, "Get me a list of all centrifuge and power plant experts from our client base." And I phoned them up and picked their brain in an effort to match their expertise with what we found in code and data. And that worked pretty well. So we were able to associate the small digital warhead with the rotor control. The rotor is that moving part within the centrifuge, that black object that you see. And if you manipulate the speed of this rotor, you are actually able to crack the rotor and eventually even have the centrifuge explode. What we also saw is that the goal of the attack was really to do it slowly and creepy -- obviously in an effort to drive maintenance engineers crazy, that they would not be able to figure this out quickly.
The big digital warhead -- we had a shot at this by looking very closely at data and data structures. So for example, the number 164 really stands out in that code; you can't overlook it. I started to research scientific literature on how these centrifuges are actually built in Natanz and found they are structured in what is called a cascade, and each cascade holds 164 centrifuges. So that made sense, it was a match.
And it even got better. These centrifuges in Iran are subdivided into 15, what is called, stages. And guess what we found in the attack code? An almost identical structure. So again, that was a real good match. And this gave us very high confidence for what we were looking at. Now don't get me wrong here, it didn't go like this. These results have been obtained over several weeks of really hard labor. And we often went into just a dead-end and had to recover.
Anyway, so we figured out that both digital warheads were actually aiming at one and the same target, but from different angles. The small warhead is taking one cascade, and spinning up the rotors and slowing them down, and the big warhead is talking to six cascades and manipulating valves. So in all, we are very confident that we have actually determined what the target is. It is Natanz, and it is only Natanz. So we don't have to worry that other targets might be hit by Stuxnet.
Here's some very cool stuff that we saw -- really knocked my socks off. Down there is the gray box, and on the top you see the centrifuges. Now what this thing does is it intercepts the input values from sensors -- so for example, from pressure sensors and vibration sensors -- and it provides legitimate code, which is still running during the attack, with fake input data. And as a matter of fact, this fake input data is actually prerecorded by Stuxnet. So it's just like from the Hollywood movies where during the heist, the observation camera is fed with prerecorded video. That's cool, huh?
The idea here is obviously not only to fool the operators in the control room. It actually is much more dangerous and aggressive. The idea is to circumvent a digital safety system. We need digital safety systems where a human operator could not act quick enough. So for example, in a power plant, when your big steam turbine gets too over speed, you must open relief valves within a millisecond. Obviously, this cannot be done by a human operator. So this is where we need digital safety systems. And when they are compromised, then real bad things can happen. Your plant can blow up. And neither your operators nor your safety system will notice it. That's scary.
But it gets worse. And this is very important, what I'm going to say. Think about this. This attack is generic. It doesn't have anything to do, in specifics, with centrifuges, with uranium enrichment. So it would work as well, for example, in a power plant or in an automobile factory. It is generic. And you don't have -- as an attacker -- you don't have to deliver this payload by a USB stick, as we saw it in the case of Stuxnet. You could also use conventional worm technology for spreading. Just spread it as wide as possible. And if you do that, what you end up with is a cyber weapon of mass destruction. That's the consequence that we have to face. So unfortunately, the biggest number of targets for such attacks are not in the Middle East. They're in the United States and Europe and in Japan. So all of the green areas, these are your target-rich environments. We have to face the consequences, and we better start to prepare right now.
Thanks.
(Applause)
Chris Anderson: I've got a question. Ralph, it's been quite widely reported that people assume that Mossad is the main entity behind this. Is that your opinion?
Ralph Langner: Okay, you really want to hear that? Yeah. Okay. My opinion is that the Mossad is involved, but that the leading force is not Israel. So the leading force behind that is the cyber superpower. There is only one, and that's the United States -- fortunately, fortunately. Because otherwise, our problems would even be bigger.
CA: Thank you for scaring the living daylights out of us. Thank you Ralph.
(Applause)
What is the Coronavirus telling us | Ali Reza Panahian Farsi sub English
What is the Coronavirus telling us?
One of the very valuable statements from Imam Baqir (‘a) is a letter he wrote to Sa’d. In the beginning of the letter, the Imam mentions a...
What is the Coronavirus telling us?
One of the very valuable statements from Imam Baqir (‘a) is a letter he wrote to Sa’d. In the beginning of the letter, the Imam mentions a subject, which is needed by today’s society. “In the Name of God, the Companionate, the Merciful. I advise you to have ‘Taqwa’ (be careful of your duty to Allah). Because, this brings well-being from devastation and benefit when returning (to God).” [Osul Kafi, vol. 8, p. 52] Taqwa saves you from destruction. Your assets won’t be wasted. Your talents won’t be destroyed. It will become something valuable for your Hereafter.
The tradition continues, “Because of their Taqwa, Noah and the ones who were with him (the believers) in the ship were rescued.” Salih and his people were rescued from lightning with Taqwa. What does Taqwa mean? Vigilance. Be careful. That person is a careful person. What do doctors constantly say about this virus that has appeared? Take care. Wash your hands. Don’t kiss others. Be careful not to touch unclean environments. Right? This is taking care. Is it something bad?
Some people are not careful at all. When you remind them and they start being careful, they experience a new feeling. What is the difference between Taqwa and an ordinary being careful? An example of an ordinary being careful is when it’s dark and you touch things carefully and are careful not to bump into anything. This is for when you yourself are taking care of your world. This is like these regular sanitary measures and other ways of taking care. It’s like being careful when driving not to have an accident. This is a minimum amount of being careful. It’s very stylish and beautiful too.
Another kind is for people to be careful about carrying out God’s commands. Being careful in this case is a thousand times more. The Commander of the Faithful, Ali (‘a), said, “Whoever is careful about God’s commands, God will take care of him/her.” The effect of God taking care of us is much more than us taking care of ourselves. Sometimes a person takes care of his greatest benefit. He/she is careful about God’s opinion. This is Taqwa. You are careful like a child who is careful but is in his parent’s embrace. One hundred times more than the child, his father takes care of him not to fall or be injured. If one tries to hit this child, he will bring his hand forward as a shield to protect himself. But, more important than this is the father’s hand, which suddenly comes forward and protects the child.
We should take care for our interests to be protected. Taking care is the first condition to being successful in life. Taking care means paying attention. A pious person is the one who is careful. “Taking care” is something nice and it doesn’t get old. This is not like saying, “You like to be religious, but I don’t!” A doctor is careful. You like a careful and watchful person. God likes such a person too. This is a very chic life.
Then, the tradition continues, “With Taqwa, God protects His servant from whatever does not come to his mind.” Whatever his mind doesn’t understand, God will compensate for him. Imam Baqir (‘a) is mentioning in this tradition whatever doesn’t come to your mind and is hidden from you. How should I know which environment is infected by virus and which environment isn’t. Should I enter it, or not?
One of those who has fallen ill with Coronavirus is putting posts in his page. He said, “I became sick and went to the hospital.” He’s healing now. He said, “No matter how much I think about how I got this virus, nothing comes to my mind.” A person doesn’t understand! But, what if God takes care of a person? What is this virus telling us? It is saying, “Be more careful.” All of life is this. If the most important thing that you want to take care of is God’s satisfaction, God will open the way for you so that you may pass through problems when everyone is stuck in a dead end.
Whoever sees his problems in life have increased should be more careful. He should pray more on time and with more attention. When you are careful about God’s opinion, that He is not ignored, He is not disrespected, and are careful about His command, all of your worldly benefits will be provided better. This is what Imam Baqir (‘a) was saying. We need to be careful in misfortunes. If you want to be saved from this illness or any other fatal problem, you need Taqwa, Taqwa of the tongue, ears, and eyes. Increase this Taqwa and you will clearly see its effects.
===================================
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===================================
Subscribe https://www.youtube.com/c/PanahianEnglish
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More...
Description:
What is the Coronavirus telling us?
One of the very valuable statements from Imam Baqir (‘a) is a letter he wrote to Sa’d. In the beginning of the letter, the Imam mentions a subject, which is needed by today’s society. “In the Name of God, the Companionate, the Merciful. I advise you to have ‘Taqwa’ (be careful of your duty to Allah). Because, this brings well-being from devastation and benefit when returning (to God).” [Osul Kafi, vol. 8, p. 52] Taqwa saves you from destruction. Your assets won’t be wasted. Your talents won’t be destroyed. It will become something valuable for your Hereafter.
The tradition continues, “Because of their Taqwa, Noah and the ones who were with him (the believers) in the ship were rescued.” Salih and his people were rescued from lightning with Taqwa. What does Taqwa mean? Vigilance. Be careful. That person is a careful person. What do doctors constantly say about this virus that has appeared? Take care. Wash your hands. Don’t kiss others. Be careful not to touch unclean environments. Right? This is taking care. Is it something bad?
Some people are not careful at all. When you remind them and they start being careful, they experience a new feeling. What is the difference between Taqwa and an ordinary being careful? An example of an ordinary being careful is when it’s dark and you touch things carefully and are careful not to bump into anything. This is for when you yourself are taking care of your world. This is like these regular sanitary measures and other ways of taking care. It’s like being careful when driving not to have an accident. This is a minimum amount of being careful. It’s very stylish and beautiful too.
Another kind is for people to be careful about carrying out God’s commands. Being careful in this case is a thousand times more. The Commander of the Faithful, Ali (‘a), said, “Whoever is careful about God’s commands, God will take care of him/her.” The effect of God taking care of us is much more than us taking care of ourselves. Sometimes a person takes care of his greatest benefit. He/she is careful about God’s opinion. This is Taqwa. You are careful like a child who is careful but is in his parent’s embrace. One hundred times more than the child, his father takes care of him not to fall or be injured. If one tries to hit this child, he will bring his hand forward as a shield to protect himself. But, more important than this is the father’s hand, which suddenly comes forward and protects the child.
We should take care for our interests to be protected. Taking care is the first condition to being successful in life. Taking care means paying attention. A pious person is the one who is careful. “Taking care” is something nice and it doesn’t get old. This is not like saying, “You like to be religious, but I don’t!” A doctor is careful. You like a careful and watchful person. God likes such a person too. This is a very chic life.
Then, the tradition continues, “With Taqwa, God protects His servant from whatever does not come to his mind.” Whatever his mind doesn’t understand, God will compensate for him. Imam Baqir (‘a) is mentioning in this tradition whatever doesn’t come to your mind and is hidden from you. How should I know which environment is infected by virus and which environment isn’t. Should I enter it, or not?
One of those who has fallen ill with Coronavirus is putting posts in his page. He said, “I became sick and went to the hospital.” He’s healing now. He said, “No matter how much I think about how I got this virus, nothing comes to my mind.” A person doesn’t understand! But, what if God takes care of a person? What is this virus telling us? It is saying, “Be more careful.” All of life is this. If the most important thing that you want to take care of is God’s satisfaction, God will open the way for you so that you may pass through problems when everyone is stuck in a dead end.
Whoever sees his problems in life have increased should be more careful. He should pray more on time and with more attention. When you are careful about God’s opinion, that He is not ignored, He is not disrespected, and are careful about His command, all of your worldly benefits will be provided better. This is what Imam Baqir (‘a) was saying. We need to be careful in misfortunes. If you want to be saved from this illness or any other fatal problem, you need Taqwa, Taqwa of the tongue, ears, and eyes. Increase this Taqwa and you will clearly see its effects.
===================================
Follow us:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Panahianen/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/PanahianEN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/PanahianEN
Telegram: https://telegram.me/Panahianen/
===================================
Subscribe https://www.youtube.com/c/PanahianEnglish
===================================
See our pages in various languages: https://panahian.net/
===================================